111 sources. Every one listed.

Peer-reviewed research (95)

1. 1Mills DS, Demontigny-Bédard I, Gruen M, Klinck MP, McPeake KJ, Barcelos AM, et al.. Pain and Problem Behavior in Cats and Dogs Animals. 2020;10(2):318. doi:10.3390/ani10020318
2. 5Sherwell EG, Panteli E, Krulik T, Dilley A, Root-Gutteridge H, Mills DS. Changes in Dog Behaviour Associated with the COVID-19 Lockdown, Pre-Existing Separation-Related Problems and Alterations in Owner Behaviour Veterinary Sciences. 2023;10(3):195. doi:10.3390/vetsci10030195
3. 8Silbermann J, Gansloßer U. Factors Influencing Isolation Behavior of Dogs: A Holder-Based Questionnaire and Behavioral and Saliva Cortisol Responses during Separation Animals. 2023;13(23):3735. doi:10.3390/ani13233735
4. 9Chapman BL, Voith VL. Behavioral problems in old dogs: 26 cases (1984-1987) Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1990;196(6):944-946. doi:10.2460/javma.1990.196.06.944
5. 10McCrave EA. Diagnostic Criteria for Separation Anxiety in the Dog Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1991;21(2):247-255. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50030-9
6. 11Takeuchi Y, Houpt KA, Scarlett JM. Evaluation of treatments for separation anxiety in dogs Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2000;217(3):342-345. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.342
7. 12Sargisson R. Canine separation anxiety: strategies for treatment and management Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2014:143. doi:10.2147/vmrr.s60424
8. 13Kuntz K, Ballantyne KC, Cousins E, Spitznagel MB. Assessment of caregiver burden in owners of dogs with behavioral problems and factors related to its presence Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2023;64-65:41-46. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2023.05.006
9. 14Blackwell E, Casey RA, Bradshaw JWS. Controlled trial of behavioural therapy for separation‐related disorders in dogs Veterinary Record. 2006;158(16):551-554. doi:10.1136/vr.158.16.551
10. 15Feuerbacher EN, Muir KL. Using Owner Return as a Reinforcer to Operantly Treat Separation-Related Problem Behavior in Dogs Animals. 2020;10(7):1110. doi:10.3390/ani10071110
11. 16Serpell JA, Powell LR. Prevalence and severity of behavior problems in dogs in the United States: A re-assessment Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2026;83:8-13. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2025.11.005
12. 17Pirrone F, Pierantoni L, Bossetti A, Uccheddu S, Albertini M. Salivary Vasopressin as a Potential Non–Invasive Biomarker of Anxiety in Dogs Diagnosed with Separation–Related Problems Animals. 2019;9(12):1033. doi:10.3390/ani9121033
13. 18Pierantoni L, Albertini M, Piotti P, Ripamonti G, Pocar P, Borromeo V, et al.. Signs of Anxiety and Salivary Copeptin Levels in Dogs Diagnosed with Separation-Related Problems in a Short Separation Test Animals. 2022;12(15):1974. doi:10.3390/ani12151974
14. 19Wormald D, Lawrence AJ, Carter G, Fisher AD. Reduced heart rate variability in pet dogs affected by anxiety-related behaviour problems Physiology & Behavior. 2017;168:122-127. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.003
15. 20Karagiannis CI, Burman OH, Mills DS. Dogs with separation-related problems show a “less pessimistic” cognitive bias during treatment with fluoxetine (Reconcile™) and a behaviour modification plan BMC Veterinary Research. 2015;11(1):80. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0373-1
16. 21Müller CA, Riemer S, Rosam CM, Schößwender J, Range F, Huber L. Brief owner absence does not induce negative judgement bias in pet dogs Animal Cognition. 2012;15(5):1031-1035. doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0526-6
17. 22Tiira K, Sulkama S, Lohi H. Prevalence, comorbidity, and behavioral variation in canine anxiety Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2016;16:36-44. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2016.06.008
18. 23Harvey ND, Christley RM, Giragosian K, Mead R, Murray JK, Samet L, et al.. Impact of Changes in Time Left Alone on Separation-Related Behaviour in UK Pet Dogs Animals. 2022;12(4):482. doi:10.3390/ani12040482
19. 24Brand CL, O’Neill DG, Belshaw Z, Dale FC, Merritt BL, Clover KN, et al.. Impacts of Puppy Early Life Experiences, Puppy-Purchasing Practices, and Owner Characteristics on Owner-Reported Problem Behaviours in a UK Pandemic Puppies Cohort at 21 Months of Age Animals. 2024;14(2):336. doi:10.3390/ani14020336
20. 26Flannigan G, Dodman NH. Risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety in dogs Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2001;219(4):460-466. doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.460
21. 27Parthasarathy V, Crowell-Davis SL. Relationship between attachment to owners and separation anxiety in pet dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2006;1(3):109-120. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2006.09.005
22. 28Topál J, Miklósi Á, Csányi V, Dóka A. Attachment behavior in dogs (Canis familiaris): A new application of Ainsworth's (1969) Strange Situation Test Journal of Comparative Psychology. 1998;112(3):219-229. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.112.3.219
23. 29Gácsi M, Maros K, Sernkvist S, Faragó T, Miklósi Á. Human Analogue Safe Haven Effect of the Owner: Behavioural and Heart Rate Response to Stressful Social Stimuli in Dogs PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e58475. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058475
24. 30Horn L, Huber L, Range F. The Importance of the Secure Base Effect for Domestic Dogs – Evidence from a Manipulative Problem-Solving Task PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e65296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065296
25. 31Salonen M, Sulkama S, Mikkola S, Puurunen J, Hakanen E, Tiira K, et al.. Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):2962. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59837-z
26. 32Tiira K, Lohi H. Early Life Experiences and Exercise Associate with Canine Anxieties PLOS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0141907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141907
27. 33Bradshaw JWS, McPherson JA, Casey RA, Larter IS. Aetiology of separation‐related behaviour in domestic dogs Veterinary Record. 2002;151(2):43-46. doi:10.1136/vr.151.2.43
28. 34Dale FC, Burn CC, Murray J, Casey R. Canine separation-related behaviour at six months of age: Dog, owner and early-life risk factors identified using the ‘Generation Pup’ longitudinal study Animal Welfare. 2024;33:e60. doi:10.1017/awf.2024.56
29. 35Bohland KR, Lilly ML, Herron ME, Arruda AG, O’Quin JM. Shelter dog behavior after adoption: Using the C-BARQ to track dog behavior changes through the first six months after adoption PLOS ONE. 2023;18(8):e0289356. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289356
30. 36de Assis LS, Matos R, Pike TW, Burman OHP, Mills DS. Developing Diagnostic Frameworks in Veterinary Behavioral Medicine: Disambiguating Separation Related Problems in Dogs Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;6:499. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00499
31. 37Lenkei R, Faragó T, Bakos V, Pongrácz P. Separation-related behavior of dogs shows association with their reactions to everyday situations that may elicit frustration or fear Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):19207. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98526-3
32. 38Sherman BL, Mills DS. Canine Anxieties and Phobias: An Update on Separation Anxiety and Noise Aversions Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008;38(5):1081-1106. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.012
33. 39Salman MD, Hutchison J, Ruch-Gallie R, Kogan L, New JC, Kass PH, et al.. Behavioral Reasons for Relinquishment of Dogs and Cats to 12 Shelters Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2000;3(2):93-106. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0302_2
34. 40Diesel G, Brodbelt D, Pfeiffer DU. Characteristics of Relinquished Dogs and Their Owners at 14 Rehoming Centers in the United Kingdom Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2010;13(1):15-30. doi:10.1080/10888700903369255
35. 41Overall KL, Dunham AE, Frank D. Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2001;219(4):467-473. doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.467
36. 43King JN, Simpson BS, Overall KL, Appleby D, Pageat P, Ross C, et al.. Treatment of separation anxiety in dogs with clomipramine: results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2000;67(4):255-275. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00127-6
37. 44Lopes Fagundes AL, Hewison L, McPeake KJ, Zulch H, Mills DS. Noise Sensitivities in Dogs: An Exploration of Signs in Dogs with and without Musculoskeletal Pain Using Qualitative Content Analysis Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2018;5:17. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00017
38. 45Camps T, Amat M, Manteca X. A Review of Medical Conditions and Behavioral Problems in Dogs and Cats Animals. 2019;9(12):1133. doi:10.3390/ani9121133
39. 46Mongillo P, Pitteri E, Carnier P, Gabai G, Adamelli S, Marinelli L. Does the attachment system towards owners change in aged dogs? Physiology & Behavior. 2013;120:64-69. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.011
40. 47Ballantyne KC. Separation, Confinement, or Noises: What Is Scaring That Dog? Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2018;48(3):367-386. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.12.005
41. 48Grigg EK, Chou J, Parker E, Gatesy-Davis A, Clarkson ST, Hart LA. Stress-Related Behaviors in Companion Dogs Exposed to Common Household Noises, and Owners' Interpretations of Their Dogs' Behaviors Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8:760845. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.760845
42. 49Riemer S. Therapy and Prevention of Noise Fears in Dogs—A Review of the Current Evidence for Practitioners Animals. 2023;13(23):3664. doi:10.3390/ani13233664
43. 51Hammerle M, Horst C, Levine E, Overall K, Radosta L, Rafter-Ritchie M, et al.. 2015 AAHA Canine and Feline Behavior Management Guidelines* Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2015;51(4):205-221. doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-6527
44. 52Hunter T, van Rooy D, McArthur M, Bennett S, Tuke J, Hazel S. Mental Health Disease or Preventable Problem? Australian Dog Trainers’ Opinions about Canine Separation Anxiety Differ with Training Style Animals. 2020;10(8):1393. doi:10.3390/ani10081393
45. 53Wan M, Bolger N, Champagne FA. Human Perception of Fear in Dogs Varies According to Experience with Dogs PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e51775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051775
46. 54Butler R, Sargisson RJ, Elliffe D. The efficacy of systematic desensitization for treating the separation-related problem behaviour of domestic dogs Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2011;129(2-4):136-145. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.001
47. 55Gähwiler S, Bremhorst A, Tóth K, Riemer S. Fear expressions of dogs during New Year fireworks: a video analysis Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):16035. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72841-7
48. 56Beerda B, Schilder MBH, van Hooff JARAM, de Vries HW, Mol JA. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1998;58(3-4):365-381. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(97)00145-7
49. 57Bremhorst A, Sutter NA, Würbel H, Mills DS, Riemer S. Differences in facial expressions during positive anticipation and frustration in dogs awaiting a reward Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):19312. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55714-6
50. 58Rehn T, Handlin L, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Keeling LJ. Dogs' endocrine and behavioural responses at reunion are affected by how the human initiates contact Physiology & Behavior. 2014;124:45-53. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.009
51. 59Powell L, Stefanovski D, Siracusa C, Serpell J. Owner Personality, Owner-Dog Attachment, and Canine Demographics Influence Treatment Outcomes in Canine Behavioral Medicine Cases Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;7:630931. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.630931
52. 60Christley RM, Murray JK, Anderson KL, Buckland EL, Casey RA, Harvey ND, et al.. Impact of the First COVID-19 Lockdown on Management of Pet Dogs in the UK Animals. 2020;11(1):5. doi:10.3390/ani11010005
53. 61Holland KE, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Anderson KL, Casey RA, Christley RM, Harris L, et al.. “More Attention than Usual”: A Thematic Analysis of Dog Ownership Experiences in the UK during the First COVID-19 Lockdown Animals. 2021;11(1):240. doi:10.3390/ani11010240
54. 63Mathis S, Schoolfield S, Gross P, Gruen M, Dorman DC. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Compression Wraps as an Anxiolytic in Domesticated Dogs Animals. 2024;14(23):3445. doi:10.3390/ani14233445
55. 64Lindig AM, McGreevy PD, Crean AJ. Musical Dogs: A Review of the Influence of Auditory Enrichment on Canine Health and Behavior Animals. 2020;10(1):127. doi:10.3390/ani10010127
56. 65Flint HE, Atkinson M, Lush J, Hunt ABG, King T. Long-Lasting Chews Elicit Positive Emotional States in Dogs during Short Periods of Social Isolation Animals. 2023;13(4):552. doi:10.3390/ani13040552
57. 66Quinn R, Masters S, Starling M, White PJ, Mills K, Raubenheimer D, et al.. Functional significance and welfare implications of chewing in dogs (Canis familiaris) Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2025;12:1499933. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1499933
58. 67de Souza MC, Bastos GQ, Gomes CMS, Tokumaru RS. Anxiety in Brazilian dogs: Typical behaviors, anxiety-inducing situations, and sociodemographic factors Behavioural Processes. 2025;231:105241. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105241
59. 68Chan K, Arellano C, Horowitz A. Here Puppy, Chew on This: Short-Term Provision of Toys Does Not Improve Welfare in Companion Dogs Animals. 2023;13(21):3340. doi:10.3390/ani13213340
60. 69Bowman A, Scottish SPCA, Dowell FJ, Evans NP. ‘Four Seasons’ in an animal rescue centre; classical music reduces environmental stress in kennelled dogs Physiology & Behavior. 2015;143:70-82. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.035
61. 70Bowman A, Dowell FJ, Evans NP. ‘The effect of different genres of music on the stress levels of kennelled dogs’ Physiology & Behavior. 2017;171:207-215. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.024
62. 71Shin YJ, Shin NS. Evaluation of effects of olfactory and auditory stimulation on separation anxiety by salivary cortisol measurement in dogs Journal of Veterinary Science. 2016;17(2):153. doi:10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.153
63. 72Frank D, Beauchamp G, Palestrini C. Systematic review of the use of pheromones for treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2010;236(12):1308-1316. doi:10.2460/javma.236.12.1308
64. 73Gaultier E, Bonnafous L, Bougrat L, Lafont C, Pageat P. Comparison of the efficacy of a synthetic dog‐appeasing pheromone with clomipramine for the treatment of separation‐related disorders in dogs Veterinary Record. 2005;156(17):533-538. doi:10.1136/vr.156.17.533
65. 74Gaultier E, Bonnafous L, Vienet‐Legué D, Falewee C, Bougrat L, Lafont‐Lecuelle C, et al.. Efficacy of dog‐appeasing pheromone in reducing stress associated with social isolation in newly adopted puppies Veterinary Record. 2008;163(3):73-80. doi:10.1136/vr.163.3.73
66. 75Hunt ABG, Flint HE, Logan DW, King T. A single dose of cannabidiol (CBD) positively influences measures of stress in dogs during separation and car travel Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1112604. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1112604
67. 76Masataka N. Possible effects of cannabidiol (CBD) administration on the vocal activity of healthy domestic dogs upon their temporary separation from caregivers Heliyon. 2024;10(3):e25548. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25548
68. 77Vieira de Castro AC, Fuchs D, Morello GM, Pastur S, de Sousa L, Olsson IAS. Does training method matter? Evidence for the negative impact of aversive-based methods on companion dog welfare PLOS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0225023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225023
69. 78Hiby E, Rooney N, Bradshaw J. Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare Animal Welfare. 2004;13(1):63-69. doi:10.1017/s0962728600026683
70. 79Dodman NH, Brown DC, Serpell JA. Associations between owner personality and psychological status and the prevalence of canine behavior problems PLOS ONE. 2018;13(2):e0192846. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192846
71. 80China L, Mills DS, Cooper JJ. Efficacy of Dog Training With and Without Remote Electronic Collars vs. a Focus on Positive Reinforcement Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:508. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00508
72. 81Cooper JJ, Cracknell N, Hardiman J, Wright H, Mills D. The Welfare Consequences and Efficacy of Training Pet Dogs with Remote Electronic Training Collars in Comparison to Reward Based Training PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e102722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102722
73. 82Shalvey E, McCorry M, Hanlon A. Exploring the understanding of best practice approaches to common dog behaviour problems by veterinary professionals in Ireland Irish Veterinary Journal. 2019;72(1):1. doi:10.1186/s13620-019-0139-3
74. 83Rooney NJ, Gaines SA, Bradshaw JWS. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs (Canis familiaris) to kennelling: Investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation Physiology & Behavior. 2007;92(5):847-854. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011
75. 84Heinrich A, Calder C. Separation and confinement anxiety in a golden retriever × standard poodle dog Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2024;65(2):141-145. PubMed
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78. 90Simpson BS, Landsberg GM, Reisner IR, Ciribassi JJ, Horwitz D, Houpt KA, et al.. Effects of reconcile (fluoxetine) chewable tablets plus behavior management for canine separation anxiety Veterinary Therapeutics. 2007;8(1):18-31. PubMed
79. 91Echeverri N, Govendir M. Does the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine modify canine anxiety related behaviour? Veterinary Evidence. 2022;7(4). doi:10.18849/ve.v7i4.585
80. 96Cottam N, Dodman NH, Moon-Fanelli AA, Patronek GJ. Comparison of Remote Versus In-Person Behavioral Consultation for Treatment of Canine Separation Anxiety Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2008;11(1):28-41. doi:10.1080/10888700701729148
81. 97Stellato A, Jajou S, Dewey CE, Widowski TM, Niel L. Effect of a Standardized Four-Week Desensitization and Counter-Conditioning Training Program on Pre-Existing Veterinary Fear in Companion Dogs Animals. 2019;9(10):767. doi:10.3390/ani9100767
82. 98Riemer S. Not a one-way road—Severity, progression and prevention of firework fears in dogs PLOS ONE. 2019;14(9):e0218150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218150
83. 99Buller K, Ballantyne KC. Living with and loving a pet with behavioral problems: Pet owners’ experiences Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2020;37:41-47. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2020.04.003
84. 100Powdrill-Wells N, Taylor S, Melfi V. Reducing Dog Relinquishment to Rescue Centres Due to Behaviour Problems: Identifying Cases to Target with an Advice Intervention at the Point of Relinquishment Request Animals. 2021;11(10):2766. doi:10.3390/ani11102766
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